 | Scandinavian
Vikings (also known as Norsemen, or Normans) began raiding France's western coast
in the 9th century; after three centuries of conflict, they started to push toward
Paris. These conflicts gave birth to the Hundred Years War between Norman England
and Paris' Capetian dynasty, eventually resulting in the French defeat at Agincourt
in 1415 and English control of Paris in 1420. In 1429, a 17-year-old stripling
called Jeanne d'Arc re-rallied the French troops to defeat the English at Orléans,
and, with the exception of Calais, the English were expelled from France in 1453.
Embracing the trappings of the Italian Renaissance helped Paris get back on its
feet at the end of the 1400s, and many of the city's signature buildings and monuments
sprang up during the period. Still, by the late 16th century Paris was again up
in arms, this time in the name of religion. Clashes between the Huguenots (French
Protestants supported by England), the Catholic League and the Catholic monarchy
sank to their lowest levels in 1572 with the St Bartholomew's Day massacre of
3000 Huguenots in town to celebrate the wedding of Henri of Navarre (later, King
Henri IV). |  |